Human Rights and Their Protection in Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59022/ijlp.512Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Legal Subjectivity, Algorithmic Accountability, Data Protection, Doctrinal Analysis, Corporate Innovation, Judicial EnforcementAbstract
This qualitative study examines the evolving legal architecture surrounding automated systems, focusing on the title "Beyond Legal Personhood: Collective and Graduated Legal Subjectivity of Artificial Intelligence." Traditional legal frameworks rely on a rigid, binary distinction between natural and juristic persons that fails to address modern algorithmic autonomy. This research utilizes doctrinal and document analysis to propose a flexible, tiered spectrum of legal rights and duties based on functional machine capability. The investigation evaluates how international human rights treaties pressure developing systems, specifically analyzing the data protection law in Pakistan. Findings reveal a critical operational gap where progressive statutory text fails to yield lower court convictions due to weak forensic capacity and overbroad cyber regulations. Ultimately, this paper introduces a risk-based regulatory model that balances technological innovation with robust corporate accountability. Implementing these graduated principles into modern electronic commerce policies provides an immediate path to safeguard global digital consumers.
References
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Jeho, S., & Pirzada, F. (2025). Beyond legislative rhetoric: Criminal justice reform and the reality of witness protection. Sindh University Law Journal, 19(2), 110–131. Kazi, M. A. (2026). Colonial procedures and progressive jurisprudence: The operational friction between superior courts and trial judges. Pakistan Law Journal, 54(1), 22–41. Khan, R., & Jamil, S. (2024). The urban-rural divide in human rights monitoring: Data deficiencies and bureaucratic resistance. Journal of Socio-Legal Studies, 16(4), 215–233. Księżak, P., & Wojtczak, S. (2023). Toward a conceptual network for the private law of artificial intelligence. Springer. Lodhi, F. K. (2025). International treaties vs. local budgets: The political economy of human rights implementation at the provincial tier. Governance & Public Policy Review, 13(3), 167–189. Mengal, N. (2025). Constitutional guarantees and institutional realities: Unacknowledged detentions and civilian marginalization. Human Rights Review of Pakistan, 7(2), 44–65. Mithani, A. (2025). Forensic deficits and structural failures: Why progressive human rights statutes collapse in lower trial courts. Journal of Criminal Law and Procedure, 21(1), 102–126. Ali, M. (2024). The anatomy of statutory abuse: Penal codes, procedural gaps, and communal violence in South Asia. Karachi Law Review, 18(2), 45–67. AllahRakha, N. (2024). Legal analysis of the law of the republic of Uzbekistan "on payments and payment system". TSUL Legal Report International Electronic Scientific Journal, 5(1), 38–55. AllahRakha, N. (2024). Practices of the advertisement legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Yurisprudensiya, 4(1), 73–89. AllahRakha, N. (2026). Legal challenges of swarm intelligence exploitation in cybercrime across distributed systems. Contrarius, 2(3), 295–319. Baloch, S., & Marri, M. (2024). Habeas corpus in times of exception: Judicial review and state security overreach. Balochistan Law Journal, 9(1), 112–134. Bhatti, A. M. (2024). Paper trails and broken scales: The limitations of manual case management systems in Pakistan’s district judiciary. Journal of Legal Research & Practice, 14(3), 89–104. Bugti, K., & Rind, J. (2025). Sovereignty, impunity, and the breakdown of civilian judicial mechanisms. Frontier Constitutional Studies, 22(4), 310–329. Dar, A. H. (2025). Evaluating commissions of inquiry: Operational constraints and accountability failures in missing persons cases. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 17(2), 201–219. Hafeez, W. (2025). Feminist logics as instruments of governance: The politics of protection in Pakistan. Critical Debates in Human Rights Law, 11(3), 34–52. Hassan, Z., & Raza, S. (2025). Provincial devolution and statutory discordance: Evaluating post-18th amendment human rights governance. Pakistan Journal of Jurisprudence, 12(1), 74–95. Hussain, F., & Gondal, N. (2025). Vigilantism and the courtroom: The impact of radical pressure groups on lower court magistrates. Journal of Law and Social Policy, 31(2), 145–168. Jamil, T. (2025). Digital disinformation and localized violence: Structuring safe human rights reporting frameworks. South Asian Human Rights Review, 8(1), 58–77. Jeho, S., & Pirzada, F. (2025). Beyond legislative rhetoric: Criminal justice reform and the reality of witness protection. Sindh University Law Journal, 19(2), 110–131. Kazi, M. A. (2026). Colonial procedures and progressive jurisprudence: The operational friction between superior courts and trial judges. Pakistan Law Journal, 54(1), 22–41. Khan, R., & Jamil, S. (2024). The urban-rural divide in human rights monitoring: Data deficiencies and bureaucratic resistance. Journal of Socio-Legal Studies, 16(4), 215–233. Księżak, P., & Wojtczak, S. (2023). Toward a conceptual network for the private law of artificial intelligence. Springer. Lodhi, F. K. (2025). International treaties vs. local budgets: The political economy of human rights implementation at the provincial tier. Governance & Public Policy Review, 13(3), 167–189. Mengal, N. (2025). Constitutional guarantees and institutional realities: Unacknowledged detentions and civilian marginalization. Human Rights Review of Pakistan, 7(2), 44–65. Mithani, A. (2025). Forensic deficits and structural failures: Why progressive human rights statutes collapse in lower trial courts. Journal of Criminal Law and Procedure, 21(1), 102–126.
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