International Journal of Law and Policy

Legal Nature and Classification of Biotechnology Objects in Private Law

2025-10-01T20:13:20+03:00

This comprehensive study examines biotechnology objects as fundamental subjects of contemporary private (civil) law relations, analyzing their distinctive characteristics, comprehensive classification systems, and evolving legal frameworks across multiple jurisdictions. The research employs comparative legal analysis methodology to investigate the complex dialectical relationship between natural and artificial elements inherent in biotechnology objects, their unique reproducibility capabilities, and the multifaceted risk factors they present to legal systems worldwide. The study systematically reveals that biotechnology objects constitute an exceptionally complex legal category requiring highly specialized jurisprudential approaches due to their inherent dual nature, which fundamentally combines natural biological materials with sophisticated technological intervention processes. The comprehensive classification framework developed encompasses three primary categories: biological materials, including genetic sequences and cellular preparations; biotechnological processes, encompassing genetic engineering methodologies; and biotechnological products, including pharmaceutical preparations and diagnostic systems, each requiring distinct intellectual property protection mechanisms and regulatory oversight approaches.

Justice and Ethical Considerations in the Digital Age

2025-10-01T20:13:19+03:00

The Research investigated justice and ethical relationships within digital Pakistan by evaluating local legislation against worldwide benchmarks, along with investigating protective flaws for human rights. Digital governance in Pakistan is studied under data privacy, algorithmic fairness, surveillance, and access perspectives. The research indicates that the cyber laws of Pakistan establish state authority above individual liberties through PECA’s ambiguous components that enable censorship and unwarranted detentions, and insufficient data management leaves citizens susceptible to exploitation. Despite court orders, Pakistan maintains ongoing internet shutdowns while public and private sectors use uncontrolled algorithms and lack corporate responsibility functions to limit digital rights. The article demonstrates that these system weaknesses establish a surveillance-heavy environment that chokes innovative progress and destroys trust within public society. Pakistan differs substantially from modern global digital practices, which unite technological progress with the protection of human rights during content moderation, while handling AI ethics and digital exchange regulations.

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Future of Justice System

2025-10-01T20:13:08+03:00

The Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has emerged as a vital component of the modern justice system, offering efficient, flexible, and cost-effective mechanisms to resolve disputes outside traditional courtrooms. With increasing case backlogs, judicial delays, and high litigation costs, ADR methods such as arbitration, mediation, and negotiation provide parties with quicker resolutions while preserving relationships and ensuring confidentiality. In the future of justice systems worldwide, ADR is expected to play a transformative role by reducing the burden on courts, promoting access to justice, and encouraging participatory dispute settlement. Technological advancements, such as online dispute resolution platforms, are further expanding their scope and accessibility, especially in cross-border and commercial disputes. Moreover, ADR fosters a culture of dialogue and compromise, aligning with global trends toward restorative rather than adversarial justice. Therefore, ADR represents not only an alternative but also a progressive step toward a more inclusive, efficient, and sustainable justice system.

The Principle of Natural Justice in Administrative Law

2025-10-01T20:12:58+03:00

The principle of natural justice is a cornerstone of administrative law, ensuring fairness, transparency, and accountability in decision-making processes. Rooted in the idea that no individual should be condemned unheard, natural justice encompasses two fundamental rules: audi alteram partem (the right to be heard) and nemo judex in causa sua (no one should be a judge in their own cause). These principles act as safeguards against arbitrary and biased administrative actions, thereby protecting individual rights and promoting public trust in governance. Courts across jurisdictions have reinforced the application of natural justice by requiring that administrative authorities provide adequate notice, fair hearings, and reasoned decisions. Although flexible in application, its essence lies in balancing efficiency with fairness in administrative functions. By upholding natural justice, administrative law bridges the gap between authority and individual liberty, ensuring that justice is not only done but also seen to be done.

Cybercrime and Data Protection Emerging Legal Challenges

2025-10-02T08:28:59+03:00

Cybercrime and data protection have become critical concerns in the digital era, where rapid technological advancements expose individuals, corporations, and governments to unprecedented risks. Cybercrime, ranging from identity theft and financial fraud to sophisticated cyberattacks on infrastructure, threatens economic stability and personal security. Simultaneously, the massive collection, storage, and transfer of personal data raise pressing concerns about privacy, misuse, and unauthorized access. Legal systems worldwide face the emerging challenge of balancing innovation and freedom of expression with robust regulatory frameworks to safeguard digital rights. Traditional laws often struggle to address the borderless nature of cybercrime, while differing international standards complicate enforcement. The development of comprehensive data protection laws, harmonized international cooperation, and effective cyber governance mechanisms is essential to counter these challenges. This paper explores the evolving landscape of cybercrime and data protection, highlighting the urgent need for stronger, adaptive, and globally coordinated legal responses.