International Journal of Law and Policy

Access Management and Authentication in Legal Practice: Ensuring Security, Compliance, and Client Trust

Anna Ubaydullaeva — 2026-01-30

Access management and authentication are central to protecting sensitive information in modern legal practice. As legal services increasingly rely on cloud platforms, remote access, and digital workflows, law firms and legal departments face growing risks of unauthorized access, privilege misuse, and data breaches. This article analyzes access management and authentication in legal environments through an interdisciplinary lens that integrates cybersecurity standards, professional ethics, and regulatory compliance. Drawing on recognized international frameworks, the study systematizes access control models, multi-factor authentication, identity and access management, privileged access management, secure client portals, mobile and cloud access governance, continuous authentication, and e-discovery access controls. The results highlight that effective access governance in legal practice requires a risk-based approach that combines technical safeguards with organizational accountability and ethical duties. The article offers a structured set of best-practice recommendations to strengthen confidentiality, maintain compliance, and reinforce client trust.

International Legal Practice of Material Transfer Agreements: A Comparative Legal Analysis

Sardor Mamanazarov — 2026-01-30

This comparative legal analysis examines international practices governing Material Transfer Agreements in biotechnology across four major jurisdictions: the United States, the European Union, Japan, and China. Through a systematic doctrinal methodology and functional comparison, the study analyzes the evolution of regulations, contractual frameworks, and intellectual property regimes. Results reveal significant jurisdictional variations in balancing innovation, biosecurity, and equity. American market pragmatism, as exemplified by the UBMTA standardization, contrasts with European precautionary harmonization, Japanese relationship-based cooperation, and Chinese sovereignty-focused frameworks. Findings demonstrate persistent divergences despite the universal recognition of the importance of biosafety, intellectual property, and benefit sharing. These insights inform the development of effective MTA frameworks in developing countries, which balance competing objectives.

The Legal Doctrine of Separation of Power in the Constitution

Ali Bhatti — 2026-01-30

The separation of powers is a foundational doctrine of constitutional governance, designed to prevent the concentration of authority and protect liberty. It typically divides state functions into three distinct branches: the legislative (which makes laws), the executive (which implements and enforces laws), and the judiciary (which interprets laws and administers justice). By allocating specific powers to separate institutions, the system creates a framework of checks and balances. Each branch is granted the ability to restrain potential excesses by the others, such as through executive vetoes, legislative oversight, or judicial review. This deliberate diffusion of power aims to foster accountability, limit arbitrary governance, and safeguard individual rights. While models vary globally from the strict separation in presidential systems like the USA to the more fused structures in parliamentary systems the core objective remains: to ensure that no single entity holds unchecked power, thereby sustaining a stable and democratic polity.

Modern form of Law Evasion in International Private Law under the Conditions of the Digital Economy and Mechanisms for Combating

Sardor Berdibayev — 2026-01-30

The digital economy has fundamentally transformed traditional mechanisms of law evasion in international private law, creating unprecedented challenges for legal systems worldwide. This study examines modern forms of law evasion including regulatory arbitrage in cryptocurrency markets, forum shopping through virtual presence, and jurisdictional manipulation via smart contracts. Employing doctrinal legal analysis and comparative methodology, the research analyzes legislative frameworks across multiple jurisdictions. The findings reveal significant regulatory gaps enabling cross-border law evasion. The study proposes comprehensive mechanisms for combating these practices, including enhanced international cooperation and technological solutions.

Problems of Implementing International Environmental Law Norms into National Law

Jamshid Odilov — 2026-01-30

This article provides a detailed account of the rapidly deteriorating environment and one of the most pressing problems in all countries today. It also provides a thorough analysis of the process of implementing international environmental law into the national legislative system in the Republic of Uzbekistan. During the study, problems such as gaps in national legislation in this area, weak institutional coordination, ineffective economic mechanisms, gaps in the mechanisms for implementing international conventions, and insufficient environmental personnel capacity were studied. In addition, the article provides theoretical recommendations for strengthening the implementation process based on foreign experience.