International Journal of Law and Policy

The Black Box Problem in Administering Justice: Risks of Opaque Algorithms in Legal Decision-Making

Sojida Murodova — 2025-06-30

As artificial intelligence (AI) technologies become integrated into judicial systems globally, the “black box problem” has emerged as a critical concern. This term refers to the opacity of machine learning algorithms, where the internal reasoning behind outputs is not transparent to users. This paper explores the implications of the black box problem in the administration of justice, focusing on how opaque algorithmic systems may undermine fairness, accountability, and trust in judicial processes. Drawing from global case studies, expert interviews, and legal theory, the study identifies key risks and proposes safeguards for transparent and ethical AI deployment in courts. The findings highlight the tension between technological efficiency and fundamental legal principles, suggesting that explainable AI must be prioritized to preserve judicial integrity and public confidence in legal institutions.

Regulatory Frameworks for Human Gene Editing: A Systematic Literature Review

Kalani Fernando — 2025-06-30

Human gene editing technologies, especially CRISPR-Cas9, have advanced rapidly, raising complex regulatory, ethical, and scientific issues. This study reviews 47 peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2025, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The analysis reveals major empirical, theoretical, methodological, and practical gaps in governance. It notes a lack of global harmonisation, weak ethical oversight, and inconsistent national policies that obstruct responsible innovation. Developing countries often lack enforceable guidelines, while developed nations use varied regulatory frameworks, leading to fragmentation. The study recommends a shared, participatory regulatory model, stronger international cooperation, and better integration of bioethics into policy-making. These steps are vital to ensure fair access, protect human dignity, and build public trust as gene editing moves into clinical and societal applications.

Regulating AI in the Digital Economy: Challenges and Opportunities for Uzbekistan

Azam Sarabekov — 2025-06-30

This article offers an in-depth examination of the legal dimensions of digital marketing in Uzbekistan, emphasizing data collecting, storage, and utilization methods. It analyzes the existing legal framework regulating these behaviors, encompassing the Law on Personal Data and the Law on Advertising, and proposes potential areas for enhancement. The research emphasizes significant difficulties like informed consent, data security, transnational data transfers, targeted advertising, and personalization. The article proposes prospective reforms to improve consumer safety and promote innovation in the digital economy by drawing parallels with international regulations such as the EU's General Data safety Regulation (GDPR). This encompasses implementing stricter data security standards, establishing explicit regulations for cross-border data transfers and targeted advertising, and formulating a more extensive accountability framework for data protection infringements. The study continues by highlighting the necessity for continuous collaboration among policymakers, industry players, and consumer advocates to establish a balanced legal framework that responds to the increasing difficulties of digital marketing.