Uzbek Journal of Law and Digital Policy

Regulatory Challenges and Future Perspectives for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

2025-11-24T11:36:58+03:00

This article examines the complex regulatory challenges facing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with a particular focus on safety, privacy, and liability considerations. Through analysis of international best practices and emerging governance frameworks, the research identifies key regulatory tensions between innovation facilitation and risk mitigation across diverse jurisdictions. The study examines how safety regulatory approaches have evolved from prescriptive limitations towards performance-based frameworks, addressing the unique risk profiles of unmanned operations. Privacy challenges are analyzed through a comparative assessment of data protection frameworks in the European Union, the United States, and Asia, revealing significant governance gaps regarding aerial surveillance capabilities. Liability considerations receive special attention, highlighting the inadequacy of conventional aviation liability models for autonomous systems and the emerging approaches to risk allocation across the UAV operational chain. The article contributes to both academic discourse and policy development by proposing integrated regulatory solutions that balance technological advancement with legitimate public interests in safety, privacy, and accountability. Findings suggest that effective UAV governance requires multi-layered approaches combining international standards with contextual implementation mechanisms while emphasizing stakeholder participation and adaptive regulatory tools suitable for rapidly evolving technology.

Globalization of Civil Law Regulation of Blockchain Technologies and Its Implementation in Uzbekistan

2025-12-24T08:39:06+03:00

The phenomenon of globalization in civil law regulation of blockchain technologies is examined using the example of Japan's Payment Services Act. In the context of active economic digitalization, the problem of effective adaptation of international standards to national legal systems acquires particular relevance. The principles of adapting international FATF standards to the national characteristics of Japan's legal system are analyzed using a comprehensive methodology including glocalization analysis, comparative legal method, and institutional analysis. Key elements of the Japanese model have been identified: technological neutrality with functional regulation, multi-level regulation with clear division of powers between government bodies and self-regulatory organizations, the institution of self-regulation through the Japan Virtual Currency Exchange Association (JVCEA), and a system of “regulatory sandboxes” for testing innovations. The study demonstrated high efficiency of the Japanese approach, confirmed by the growth of cryptocurrency transaction volume to $116 billion USD in 2023. Opportunities for applying Japan's glocalization experience to improve Uzbekistan's civil legislation in the field of digital technologies have been determined, including creating specialized regulatory bodies, implementing experimental legal regimes, and developing self-regulatory institutions. The research results can be used for forming a national digital development strategy and attracting international investments to the fintech sector.

Challenges in Regulating and Prosecuting AI Model Poisoning as Cybercrime

2025-12-24T08:36:35+03:00

This research examines the critical challenges confronting legal systems in regulating and prosecuting AI model poisoning as cybercrime. Through qualitative doctrinal analysis and comprehensive document review, the study evaluates international legal frameworks addressing AI poisoning, explores prosecution difficulties including proving intent and establishing liability, and assesses regulatory roles in preventing incidents. Findings reveal significant gaps in existing cybercrime statutes that fail to recognize AI poisoning as distinct offenses, creating uncertainty for law enforcement. The automated nature of machine learning obscures causation chains, making liability determinations nearly impossible under traditional legal principles. Cross-border enforcement fails because international agreements like the Budapest Convention lack specific provisions for AI attacks spanning multiple jurisdictions. Courts operate without precedents, forcing reliance on inadequate analogies to conventional cybercrimes. The research recommends enacting comprehensive legislation explicitly criminalizing AI poisoning, updating international treaties to facilitate cooperation, establishing mandatory security standards for high-risk systems, and developing specialized forensic capabilities within law enforcement agencies to address these emerging technological threats effectively.

Smart Contracts and their Legal Recognition: Comparative Analysis of Regulatory Approaches

2025-12-24T08:32:09+03:00

This article examines the legal status of smart contracts across different jurisdictions through a comparative legal methodology, analyzing regulatory approaches in the United States, European Union, Switzerland, Singapore, and Uzbekistan. The research identifies key challenges in integrating self-executing agreements into existing legal frameworks, including issues of contract formation, enforceability, dispute resolution, and data protection compliance. Using doctrinal analysis and comparative law methods, this study evaluates how different legal systems address the fundamental question of whether code-based agreements satisfy traditional contract formation requirements. The findings reveal a spectrum of regulatory responses ranging from explicit statutory recognition to application of existing contract law principles. The article concludes with recommendations for developing comprehensive legal frameworks that balance innovation with consumer protection and legal certainty.

Digital Traces as an Object of Forensic Research: Concept, Classification and Evidentiary Challenges

2025-12-22T11:03:14+03:00

Digital traces constitute a fundamental category of forensic evidence in contemporary criminal investigations, yet their conceptualization remains fragmented across jurisdictions. This study examines the theoretical foundations of digital traces as objects of forensic research, proposing a systematic classification framework and analyzing evidentiary challenges in criminal proceedings. Through comparative analysis of international legal frameworks, including the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, EU Digital Evidence Regulation, and national legislation across multiple jurisdictions, this research identifies critical gaps in the legal treatment of digital traces. The study reveals significant inconsistencies in authenticity verification standards, chain of custody requirements, and admissibility criteria for digital evidence. Results demonstrate the necessity for harmonized international standards governing digital trace collection, preservation, and presentation in criminal proceedings, while recognizing jurisdictional variations in procedural safeguards and constitutional protections.

Comparative Legal Analysis of Personal Data in the Legislation of Uzbekistan, Europe and the USA

2025-12-30T09:53:57+03:00

This article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the legal frameworks governing the protection of special categories of personal data in Uzbekistan, the European Union, and the United States. The study examines the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Personal Data” (2019), the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and the sectoral approach adopted in the United States through HIPAA and state-level legislation such as the California Consumer Privacy Act. Through doctrinal legal analysis of legislative provisions, examination of enforcement cases in Europe, and comparative methodology, the research identifies significant gaps in Uzbekistan's current legal framework, particularly the absence of the right to be forgotten, inadequate data breach notification requirements, and insufficient penalties for violations. The article concludes with four specific legislative recommendations to strengthen Uzbekistan’s personal data protection regime and align it with international best practices.

Comparative Analysis of Classification of Biotechnology Licensing Agreements

2025-12-29T10:51:45+03:00

This article presents a comprehensive classification system for licensing agreements in biotechnology, analyzing diverse license types including exclusive, non-exclusive, sole, and compulsory licenses, alongside specialized mechanisms such as conditional exclusivity, field-of-use restrictions, and geographic limitations. Drawing on international practices across the United States, the European Union, Japan, China, South Korea, and Uzbekistan, the study demonstrates that biotechnology’s unique characteristics necessitate sophisticated classification systems that exceed traditional industrial licensing frameworks. The research examines how different license types serve distinct commercial functions, analyzing the role of exclusive licenses in supporting substantial capital investments, the utility of non-exclusive licenses for platform technologies, and the importance of sole licenses in university-industry partnerships. The article proposes legislative reforms for Uzbekistan, introducing sole licensing recognition, differentiating registration requirements by license type, and establishing biotechnology-specific provisions addressing field-of-use restrictions, compulsory licensing, and conditional exclusivity mechanisms.