Legal Regulation of Economic Concentration (Tech-Over) in the Digital Market

Abstract

The rapid expansion of digital markets has led to unprecedented economic concentration, driven primarily by large technology platforms acquiring, integrating, or excluding smaller competitors through mechanisms often referred to as “Tech-Over.” This study offers a comparative legal analysis of how three diverse jurisdictions Turkey, France, and Singapore are regulating this phenomenon. Using a qualitative case study methodology, the research evaluates legal frameworks, regulatory instruments, institutional capacity, and enforcement practices. The findings reveal that while France employs an ex-ante model embedded in EU law, Singapore emphasizes adaptive, guideline-based governance, and Turkey is transitioning toward more robust digital oversight. Despite differences, all three jurisdictions converge on the need to monitor data control, algorithmic opacity, and cross-market dominance. The article concludes with policy recommendations for enhancing merger control, increasing institutional capability, and fostering international cooperation. These insights contribute to global debates on competition law reform and digital market governance in an era of platform capitalism.