Justice on Hold Key Bottlenecks in Pakistan's Criminal Conviction System

Abstract

The criminal justice system of Pakistan continues to face persistent delays that undermine public trust and weaken the rule of law. This study examines the key bottlenecks in Pakistan’s criminal conviction process, including investigative deficiencies, prosecutorial inefficiencies, judicial backlog, inadequate forensic capacity, and procedural complexities. Delayed police investigations, poor evidence collection, witness intimidation, and frequent adjournments significantly contribute to low conviction rates. Structural issues such as shortage of judges, limited coordination among law enforcement agencies, and lack of modern case management systems further aggravate the problem. The study also highlights the impact of these delays on victims, accused persons, and overall social stability. By analyzing institutional weaknesses and systemic gaps, the paper identifies practical reforms aimed at improving efficiency, transparency, and accountability within the criminal justice framework. Strengthening investigative standards, enhancing prosecutorial training, expanding forensic infrastructure, and implementing judicial reforms are recommended to ensure timely justice and restore confidence in Pakistan’s legal system